Glossary

Any method that supplements or replaces natural speech — ranging from communication boards to high-tech speech-generating devices. (BoK p. 17)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

A bill introduced in the US Senate in 2017 to strengthen accessibility in air travel; the BoK cites it but it was not enacted. (BoK p. 59)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

Design that specifically removes barriers for people with disabilities, typically achieved through compliance with standards such as WCAG. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Related accessibility concepts

Designated parking spaces near building entrances with required width, access aisle, signage, and an accessible route to the facility. (BoK p. 41)

Taught in: Accessible built environment

A continuous, unobstructed path connecting all accessible spaces and elements in a facility, required under ADA Standards. (BoK p. 41)

Taught in: Accessible built environment

BDF initiative defining 10 commitments employers make to ensure accessible technology for employees with disabilities. (BoK p. 66)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

A reactive, individual-specific modification made after the fact to enable a particular person to access a product or environment. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

UDL Principle 3: the HOW of learning — offering multiple means for learners to demonstrate and communicate their knowledge. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

The Americans with Disabilities Act; a US civil rights law prohibiting disability discrimination in employment, public services, and more. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

Content structured so it can be presented in different ways without losing meaning, supporting users with visual or cognitive differences. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Perceivable — WCAG Principle 1

Practical, conceptual, and social skills used in everyday life — one of the two required dimensions in the DSM-5 definition of intellectual disability. (BoK p. 21)

Taught in: Mental functions and intellectual disability

Specialized equipment that modifies how a person interacts with a product or environment to compensate for a disability-related barrier. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

A technique a person uses to interact with mainstream technology in a non-standard way, without specialized hardware. (BoK p. 9)

Taught in: Assistive technology, adaptive strategies, and accessibility

Technology modified from its original purpose to support a person's functional needs — a subset of AT. (BoK p. 9)

Taught in: Assistive technology, adaptive strategies, and accessibility

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity beyond what is developmentally expected. (BoK p. 23)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

The African Disability Rights Protocol, adopted in 2018 to supplement the African Charter with disability-specific rights. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

The emotional and motivational dimension of learning that UDL's Engagement principle addresses to support sustained effort and persistence. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: UDL and engagement

The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights; general human rights instrument; does not explicitly address disability. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

US federal law prohibiting disability discrimination by air carriers; requires accessible aircraft services and facilities. (BoK p. 59)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

Shadow reports submitted by civil society and disabled persons' organizations to complement or challenge official state reports. (BoK p. 49)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Content or information presented in a different medium — e.g., braille, large print, audio — to remove access barriers. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The social model of disability

The ability to walk independently; ambulation impairments affect walking distance, speed, or the need for mobility aids. (BoK p. 19)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

The section of EN 301 549 that maps the standard's requirements to WCAG 2.1 success criteria for web content. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

Conditions characterized by excessive, persistent fear or worry that interferes with functioning — the most prevalent mental health conditions globally. (BoK p. 28)

Taught in: Psychological disabilities

An acquired language disorder caused by brain damage, affecting the ability to speak, understand, read, or write, while intelligence remains intact. (BoK p. 16)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

The EAA required member states to transpose it by 2022 and for covered entities to comply from 28 June 2025. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

A motor speech disorder in which the brain has difficulty planning and sequencing the movements needed for speech, despite intact muscles. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

Discrimination that results from something connected to a person's disability, rather than from the disability itself. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

ADRP article requiring states to eliminate harmful traditional practices and stereotypes affecting persons with disabilities. (BoK p. 54)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

Prohibits discrimination based on disability (and other grounds); a non-discrimination article. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

Recognises the right of persons with disabilities to benefit from measures ensuring their integration and participation. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

The CRPD's foundational values: dignity, autonomy, non-discrimination, participation, accessibility, equality of opportunity. (BoK p. 50)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CRPD article requiring states parties to ensure access to the built environment, transport, ICT, and public services. (BoK p. 50)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Article II of the Inter-American Convention; defines the forms of discrimination against persons with disabilities it prohibits. (BoK p. 54)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

Article III of the Inter-American Convention; sets out the objectives: elimination of discrimination and full integration. (BoK p. 54)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

Difficulty producing specific speech sounds accurately, resulting in substitutions, omissions, or distortions. (BoK p. 16)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

A former diagnostic label for individuals on the autism spectrum with no intellectual disability or language delay; now subsumed into ASD in DSM-5. (BoK p. 24)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

Any technology that improves the signal-to-noise ratio for hearing aid users in public spaces — FM, infrared, or induction loop systems. (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

Hardware or software that helps a person with a disability perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. (BoK p. 9)

Taught in: Assistive technology, adaptive strategies, and accessibility

A neurological condition characterized by lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, causing unsteady gait and imprecise reach. (BoK p. 19)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

Automated teller machines; one of the self-service terminals covered by the EAA's accessibility requirements. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

A belief, stereotype, or prejudice held by individuals or embedded in culture that restricts participation for disabled people. (BoK p. 5)

Taught in: The social model of disability

A condition in which the ears detect sound normally but the brain has difficulty processing or interpreting it accurately. (BoK p. 13)

Taught in: Deafness, hard of hearing, and auditory processing disorder

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests. (BoK p. 24)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

The EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive; requires member states to ensure media services progressively become accessible. (BoK p. 59)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

The factors used to select a winning bid; can include accessibility performance as a scored or pass/fail criterion. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

Consumer banking services including online banking portals; covered under the EAA. (BoK p. 63)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

The social model's primary strategy: redesigning environments and attitudes so people with impairments can participate fully. (BoK p. 5)

Taught in: The social model of disability

Business Disability Forum model with five levels: Informal, Defined, Repeatable, Managed, and Best practice. (BoK p. 67)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

Under the economic model, disability is often defined by what a person cannot do for wages — a threshold for state support. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Economic and charity models of disability

A framework that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to explain health, illness, and disability. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

A mood disorder involving episodes of both elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and depressive episodes. (BoK p. 30)

Taught in: Psychological disabilities

Visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye, or visual field loss to less than 10 degrees — the WHO's threshold for severe visual impairment. (BoK p. 10)

Taught in: Blindness, low vision, and color vision deficiency

The severe shortage of published works in accessible formats that affects people with print disabilities. (BoK p. 50)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

Designing and building a product with accessibility from the outset, so no remediation is needed post-launch. (BoK p. 69)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

A tactile reading system that uses raised dots to represent letters, numbers, and symbols for people who are blind. (BoK p. 11)

Taught in: Visual barriers and solutions

The strategic and economic argument for accessibility investment, encompassing legal risk reduction, market expansion, workforce inclusion, and innovation. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for society

Captions (for Deaf/HoH) and audio description (for blind users) required in accessible multimedia communications. (BoK p. 70)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

Communication Access Realtime Translation — a live captioning service where a stenographer transcribes speech in real time. (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

The Center for Applied Special Technology — the US organization that developed and maintains the UDL framework and guidelines. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: UDL and engagement

A systematic count of a population; census disability data is used for policy planning but is limited by definition inconsistency across countries. (BoK p. 33)

Taught in: Demographics and disability statistics

Internal advocates who promote accessibility within their teams, bridging business needs and accessibility expertise. (BoK p. 68)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

The view that people with disabilities are deserving recipients of generosity from non-disabled society — framing disability as tragedy. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Economic and charity models of disability

The ADA frames disability access as a matter of civil rights and equal opportunity, not medical charity or welfare. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

Capability Maturity Model version 1.1; five levels: Initial, Repeatable, Defined, Managed, Optimizing. (BoK p. 67)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

A surgically implanted device that stimulates the auditory nerve directly, providing sound perception for people with profound deafness. (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

The principle that information must not be conveyed by color alone, so users who cannot distinguish colors can still access the content. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Perceivable — WCAG Principle 1

Reduced ability to distinguish certain colors, most commonly red from green; affects roughly 8% of males and 0.5% of females. (BoK p. 11)

Taught in: Blindness, low vision, and color vision deficiency

The UN expert body that monitors CRPD implementation by reviewing periodic state reports and issuing recommendations. (BoK p. 49)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

A low-tech AAC tool containing symbols, pictures, or words that a user points to in order to communicate. (BoK p. 17)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

Support requirements arising from multiple co-occurring disabilities that cannot be addressed by any single disability-specific solution. (BoK p. 31)

Taught in: Multiple and complex disabilities

The third Representation guideline: supporting learners in constructing meaning — activating prior knowledge, highlighting patterns, and enabling transfer. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

A WCAG tier—Level A (minimum), Level AA (standard), or Level AAA (enhanced)—indicating the degree of accessibility achieved. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: WCAG overview

Court-supervised settlement agreements in civil rights enforcement actions, often requiring accessibility remediation plans. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

The principle that help should only be offered or given to a person with a disability when they have indicated they want it. (BoK p. 35)

Taught in: Disability etiquette and language

In the ICF, the environmental and personal factors that interact with health conditions to produce functional outcomes. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

Accessibility requirements written into supplier contracts, creating enforceable obligations for vendors. (BoK p. 71)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

The luminance difference between foreground text and its background; insufficient contrast creates a barrier for low-vision and color-deficient users. (BoK p. 12)

Taught in: Visual barriers and solutions

Reduced expenses achieved by building accessibility in from the start rather than retrofitting later, plus lower litigation and support costs. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for society

A UX quality attribute addressing users' trust in the accuracy, honesty, and reliability of a product and the organization behind it. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: Usability vs. user experience

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; the first binding international human rights treaty on disability. (BoK p. 49)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Membership in a community sharing language, norms, and values — central to the social identity model's account of Deaf culture. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Functional solutions and social identity models

The phenomenon whereby accessibility features created for people with disabilities unexpectedly benefit the broader population. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

The medical model's primary goal: restoring the person's body or function to a 'normal' standard. (BoK p. 5)

Taught in: Models intro and the medical model

The Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act; updates US accessibility requirements for modern communication tech. (BoK p. 59)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

The community of Deaf people who share sign language, history, and values and who often reject the medical framing of deafness as a deficit. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Functional solutions and social identity models

A device that combines a braille display and a keyboard to allow real-time text exchange between a deaf-blind user and a sighted/hearing person. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Deaf-blindness

A combined vision and hearing loss severe enough to affect communication, access to information, and mobility, regardless of the degree of each loss. (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Deaf-blindness

Profound hearing loss that makes it impractical to use hearing for communication, even with amplification. (BoK p. 12)

Taught in: Deafness, hard of hearing, and auditory processing disorder

UN declaration affirming equal rights for people with disabilities; aspirational, not legally binding. (BoK p. 48)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

A European term for designing products and environments usable by all people without exclusion; closely aligned with universal design. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Related accessibility concepts

A UX quality attribute addressing the emotional and aesthetic appeal of a product — whether users want to use it, beyond whether they can. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: Usability vs. user experience

The functional domains — communication, motor, self-care, cognition, and social skills — in which multiple disabilities create combined impact. (BoK p. 32)

Taught in: Multiple and complex disabilities

Equal access to digital tools, platforms, and content regardless of disability, enabling full participation in the information economy. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

Treating someone less favorably than another person because of a protected characteristic such as disability. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

The EU Public Procurement Directive; allows accessibility to be built into technical specs, award criteria, and exclusion grounds. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

The EU Web Accessibility Directive; requires public sector websites and apps to be accessible and publish accessibility statements. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

A set of interaction guidelines for respectful engagement with people with disabilities, covering communication, assistance, and physical interaction. (BoK p. 35)

Taught in: Disability etiquette and language

Specialized job posting sites targeting candidates with disabilities; one step in inclusive recruiting strategy. (BoK p. 69)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

A defense allowing an employer or service provider to decline an accommodation whose cost is excessive relative to resources. (BoK p. 56)

Taught in: From welfare to equality: accommodation, accessibility, and EU law

WCAG Guideline 1.4: making content easier to perceive, covering minimum color contrast, use of color, text resize, and audio control. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Perceivable — WCAG Principle 1

The range of human abilities, ages, and contexts that accessible design accounts for — broader than disability alone — to serve the widest possible population. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for society

The US Department of Justice division that enforces Title III ADA and other civil rights laws, including ADA website claims. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition — the US diagnostic standard for intellectual disability and many other conditions. (BoK p. 21)

Taught in: Mental functions and intellectual disability

A group of motor speech disorders caused by weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speech. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic, and mathematical reasoning. (BoK p. 23)

Taught in: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

A specific learning disability affecting handwriting fluency and written expression, often co-occurring with dyslexia. (BoK p. 23)

Taught in: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

A specific learning disability affecting reading fluency and decoding, rooted in phonological processing difficulties, not intelligence. (BoK p. 22)

Taught in: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

Electronic publications; covered by the EAA's requirements for digital content accessibility. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

Online shopping services; covered by the EAA as a consumer-facing electronic service. (BoK p. 63)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

Websites and mobile applications operated by businesses open to the public; subject to Title III ADA per US court decisions. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

Directive 2019/882, the European Accessibility Act; extends accessibility requirements to private sector products and services. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

A format using very simple vocabulary, short sentences, and supporting images, designed for people with intellectual disability or severe cognitive impairment. (BoK p. 25)

Taught in: Cognitive barriers and assistive technology

The European Convention on Human Rights; protects civil and political rights; covers disability under 'other status'. (BoK p. 52)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

The view that disability is relevant primarily as a cost to society — in lost productivity, healthcare spending, and benefits payments. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: Economic and charity models of disability

The US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights; enforces accessibility in educational institutions receiving federal funding. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

The European Electronic Communications Code; includes accessibility obligations for electronic communications services. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

The EU regulation on electronic identification and trust services; includes accessibility requirements for public-facing electronic services. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Sector-specific accessibility laws

ADA Title I prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in employment by covered employers. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

The ability of people with disabilities to seek, obtain, and retain work through accessible hiring platforms, workplaces, and ICT. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

EU Directive 2000/78/EC requiring member states to prohibit disability discrimination in employment and mandate accommodation. (BoK p. 58)

Taught in: From welfare to equality: accommodation, accessibility, and EU law

European 'Design for All' standard (also called D4All); provides methodology for embedding accessibility in products and services. (BoK p. 63)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

European standard specifying functional accessibility requirements for the built environment; supports EAA compliance. (BoK p. 63)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

The European harmonized standard for ICT accessibility; Annex A maps to WCAG 2.1; conformance gives presumption of WAD compliance. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

UDL Principle 1: the WHY of learning — providing options for recruiting interest, sustaining effort, and supporting self-regulation. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: UDL and engagement

George Engel, the psychiatrist who proposed the biopsychosocial model in 1977 as an alternative to the purely biological medical model. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

The Equality Act 2010 applies in England, Scotland, and Wales; Northern Ireland has separate legislation. (BoK p. 56)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

A physical or systemic obstacle — such as a step at an entrance or a website with no captions — that prevents access. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The social model of disability

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures — one of the most common neurological conditions globally. (BoK p. 27)

Taught in: Seizure disorders

UK legislation consolidating anti-discrimination law; covers nine protected characteristics including disability. (BoK p. 56)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

UD Principle 1: the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities, providing the same or an equivalent experience for all users. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 1–3

An experience for users with disabilities that is equal in quality and completeness to that of non-disabled users, though not necessarily identical in method. (BoK p. 37)

Taught in: Accessibility, usability, and universal design

The EU's own bill of rights; includes explicit disability articles; became legally binding with the Lisbon Treaty in 2009. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

Guidance from the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education on accessible digital learning resources. (BoK p. 66)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

Council of Europe treaty covering social and economic rights including employment, healthcare, and social welfare. (BoK p. 52)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

The statistical office of the European Union, which publishes comparative disability and health data across EU member states. (BoK p. 34)

Taught in: Demographics and disability statistics

The principle that accessibility testing should begin in design/prototyping and continue through every development cycle. (BoK p. 68)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

The ability to exclude suppliers who do not meet mandatory accessibility requirements from a procurement process. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

Higher-order cognitive skills — goal-setting, planning, organizing, and monitoring — that UDL supports through scaffolds and prompts. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

Technology that uses cameras and infrared light to follow the user's gaze, allowing hands-free computer control. (BoK p. 20)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

Federal Acquisition Regulation; the US rules governing federal government procurement; incorporates Section 508 requirements. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

A channel (e.g. a form or email address) on a public sector website that allows users to report accessibility barriers. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

The ability to make small, precise movements — required for tasks like typing, handwriting, and using a standard mouse. (BoK p. 18)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

The WCAG criterion that content must not flash more than three times per second to avoid triggering photosensitive seizures. (BoK p. 28)

Taught in: Seizure disorders

UD Principle 2: the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities, offering choices in method of use. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 1–3

The frequency at which a light source or display changes between light and dark; rates of 16–25 Hz carry the highest seizure risk. (BoK p. 27)

Taught in: Seizure disorders

A visible cue — such as an outline or highlight — showing which interactive element currently has keyboard focus. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

The domain in which a design framework applies — WCAG targets web content, the UD principles target built and product environments, UDL targets education. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: Review of look-alike frameworks

A restriction in a person's ability to perform a task, independent of diagnosis — the starting point for the functional solutions model. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Functional solutions and social identity models

The view that disability problems are best addressed through practical solutions — technology, design, adaptations — that reduce functional limitations. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Functional solutions and social identity models

The economic output a national economy forgoes when disability-related barriers prevent qualified workers from participating in the workforce. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for society

A thematic grouping of WCAG success criteria under each POUR principle; WCAG 2.x has 13 guidelines across the four principles. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: WCAG overview

Communication through the sense of touch — vibrations, tapping patterns, or hand-over-hand signing used with deaf-blind individuals. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Deaf-blindness

A mild to severe hearing loss that still allows some functional use of hearing, often with a hearing aid. (BoK p. 12)

Taught in: Deafness, hard of hearing, and auditory processing disorder

A European standard whose reference is published in the Official Journal of the EU, creating a presumption of conformity with a directive. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

Systematic, unfair differences in health outcomes between groups — disability is both a cause and a consequence of health inequities globally. (BoK p. 34)

Taught in: Demographics and disability statistics

A wearable device that amplifies sound to help people with mild to severe hearing loss; not effective for profound deafness. (BoK p. 12)

Taught in: Deafness, hard of hearing, and auditory processing disorder

Manual accessibility testing by trained reviewers; catches issues that automated tools cannot detect alone. (BoK p. 69)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

The view, central to the social model, that participation without barriers is a right, not a privilege to be earned medically. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The social model of disability

A design philosophy placing user needs, goals, and behaviors at the center of every design decision; largely synonymous with user-centered design. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Related accessibility concepts

Excessive physical activity and impulsive behavior — the second ADHD symptom cluster, often more visible in younger children. (BoK p. 23)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

The WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health — a taxonomy that operationalizes the biopsychosocial model. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

Information and Communications Technology — the broad category covering computers, mobile devices, software, and web content. (BoK p. 10)

Taught in: Assistive technology, adaptive strategies, and accessibility

A language convention placing the disability descriptor first — e.g., 'a Deaf person', 'an autistic person' — reflecting disability as part of identity. (BoK p. 35)

Taught in: Disability etiquette and language

A difference in body structure or function — distinct from the broader social and environmental consequences of that difference. (BoK p. 4)

Taught in: Models intro and the medical model

The third WAI phase: train staff, integrate accessibility into development workflows, and begin remediation. (BoK p. 65)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

Under Marrakesh, accessible-format copies made in one country may be shared with qualified persons in another. (BoK p. 51)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

Difficulty sustaining focus, organizing tasks, following through on instructions, and avoiding distractions — one of the two ADHD symptom clusters. (BoK p. 23)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

A design methodology common in the UK and Europe that intentionally accounts for the full range of human diversity; analogous to UD. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Related accessibility concepts

Applying a neutral provision, criterion, or practice that disadvantages people sharing a protected characteristic. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

The medical model locates disability in the person rather than in society or the environment. (BoK p. 5)

Taught in: Models intro and the medical model

An assistive listening system that transmits audio directly to hearing aids or cochlear implants equipped with a telecoil (T-coil). (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

A state in which too much information presented simultaneously exceeds a user's capacity to process it, causing errors or abandonment. (BoK p. 24)

Taught in: Cognitive barriers and assistive technology

The first WAI phase: secure leadership buy-in, assess current state, and establish the business case for accessibility. (BoK p. 64)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

WCAG Guideline 3.3: forms must help users avoid and recover from mistakes through clear error identification and suggestions. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Understandable and Robust — WCAG Principles 3 and 4

The different ways users interact with interfaces — keyboard, touch, mouse, voice, and switch — all of which WCAG 2.5 requires adequate support for. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating before age 18. (BoK p. 21)

Taught in: Mental functions and intellectual disability

The Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities; adopted in Guatemala. (BoK p. 54)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

A repeated cycle of design, evaluation, and refinement in UCD; each pass uses findings from user testing to improve the design. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: User-centered design

The requirement that all functionality available through a pointer device is also operable through a keyboard interface alone. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

The second Representation guideline area: clarifying vocabulary, syntax, and symbols to reduce language barriers to content. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

The ease with which new users can accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter a design; a dimension of usability. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: Usability vs. user experience

In the US context, a specific neurological condition affecting one or more academic skills despite adequate intelligence and instruction. (BoK p. 22)

Taught in: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

The risk that inaccessible products or communications will result in regulatory enforcement, litigation, or settlements. (BoK p. 71)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

BDF levels from lowest to highest: 1 Informal, 2 Defined, 3 Repeatable, 4 Managed, 5 Best practice. (BoK p. 67)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

The EU treaty that gave the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights full legal force as binding EU law. (BoK p. 53)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

Questions sent by the Committee to a state party before a formal review, sometimes informed by alternative reports. (BoK p. 49)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

UD Principle 6: the design can be used efficiently and comfortably with a minimum of fatigue and sustained physical effort. (BoK p. 43)

Taught in: Universal design principles 4–7

Visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected by spectacles or contact lenses, yet retains some usable vision. (BoK p. 11)

Taught in: Blindness, low vision, and color vision deficiency

Software that enlarges on-screen content; used by people with low vision who retain some usable sight. (BoK p. 12)

Taught in: Visual barriers and solutions

WIPO treaty creating a copyright exception allowing accessible-format copies to be made and shared across borders. (BoK p. 50)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

The view that disability is a deficit within the individual, caused by a health condition, that should be diagnosed and treated or cured. (BoK p. 4)

Taught in: Models intro and the medical model

The cognitive and psychological capacities — including memory, attention, language, and perception — used to process and respond to information. (BoK p. 20)

Taught in: Mental functions and intellectual disability

EAA exemption for businesses with fewer than 10 employees and annual turnover or balance sheet below €2 million. (BoK p. 63)

Taught in: The European Accessibility Act

A conceptual framework that explains what disability is, what causes it, and who bears responsibility for addressing it. (BoK p. 4)

Taught in: Models intro and the medical model

The presence of two or more significant disability conditions occurring simultaneously, producing complex and interrelated support needs. (BoK p. 31)

Taught in: Multiple and complex disabilities

Rapid or excessive tiring of muscles during physical activity, relevant in conditions like multiple sclerosis or post-polio syndrome. (BoK p. 19)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

The three properties that must be programmatically exposed for all UI components so assistive technologies can identify and interact with them. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Understandable and Robust — WCAG Principles 3 and 4

WCAG Guideline 2.4: providing ways to help users navigate, find content, and determine location — including skip links and focus indicators. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

The inability to produce speech due to neurological causes — damage to the brain or motor systems controlling speech. (BoK p. 16)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

A profile of neuropsychological strengths and weaknesses characterized by strong verbal skills but difficulties with nonverbal, spatial, and social processing. (BoK p. 24)

Taught in: ADHD, autism spectrum, and nonverbal learning disorder

The Ontario Disabilities Act 2001; established principles and planning requirements for accessibility in Ontario, Canada. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

Level 5 of the CMM; represents continuous process improvement driven by quantitative feedback. (BoK p. 68)

Taught in: Maturity models and accessibility champions

The ECHR's open-ended discrimination ground that courts have used to include disability and other unlisted characteristics. (BoK p. 52)

Taught in: European human rights instruments: ECHR, ESC, and EU Charter

A conceptual model showing accessibility and usability as partially overlapping concerns, both subsumed within the goal of universal design. (BoK p. 37)

Taught in: Accessibility, usability, and universal design

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks — sudden surges of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms. (BoK p. 29)

Taught in: Psychological disabilities

The WCAG requirement that web content use valid, well-formed markup so browsers and assistive technologies can interpret it reliably. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Understandable and Robust — WCAG Principles 3 and 4

Active involvement in social, educational, civic, and employment contexts on an equal basis with non-disabled peers. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

A design approach that actively involves users — including people with disabilities — as co-designers rather than only as research subjects. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: User-centered design

The ISO standard for accessible PDF documents (PDF/Universal Accessibility); a document evaluation benchmark. (BoK p. 69)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

UD Principle 4: the design communicates necessary information effectively regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 4–7

The first Representation guideline area: providing content in multiple sensory formats so all learners can perceive it. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

Support provided by another person to enable a disabled individual to complete tasks that inaccessible design requires human intermediation. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

The boundary applying equally to disabled people — including mobility devices, guide dogs, and AT, which are extensions of the person's body and self. (BoK p. 35)

Taught in: Disability etiquette and language

A pattern of speech sound errors reflecting a systematic difficulty with the sound rules of a language. (BoK p. 16)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

The ability to identify and manipulate the sound units (phonemes) of language — the core deficit in dyslexia. (BoK p. 22)

Taught in: Dyslexia and dyscalculia

A form of epilepsy in which seizures can be triggered by flickering lights, flashing images, or rapidly alternating patterns. (BoK p. 27)

Taught in: Seizure disorders

The emotional response the charity model solicits; critics argue pity disempowers disabled people and reinforces their dependence. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Economic and charity models of disability

The second WAI phase: set goals, assign responsibilities, allocate resources, and create an accessibility policy. (BoK p. 65)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

Accessibility-related communications (e.g. accessibility statements, responses to complaints) should be reviewed by legal counsel. (BoK p. 71)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

WCAG Guideline 3.2: pages and components must appear and operate in predictable ways so users are not surprised by unexpected changes. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Understandable and Robust — WCAG Principles 3 and 4

Any visual, physical, or perceptual impairment that prevents a person from reading standard printed material. (BoK p. 50)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

An approach that anticipates the full range of human diversity at the outset, embedding access into the original product or environment. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

In the economic model, the measure by which a person's participation is valued; disability is seen as reducing economic output. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Economic and charity models of disability

An input device whose keys can be assigned custom functions or macros to simplify interaction for users who cannot manage a full standard keyboard layout. (BoK p. 32)

Taught in: Multiple and complex disabilities

Software or device-based tools that remind or guide a user through a task sequence, supporting memory and executive function. (BoK p. 26)

Taught in: Cognitive barriers and assistive technology

An early model or simulation of a product used to evaluate design ideas with users before full development — ranging from paper sketches to interactive mockups. (BoK p. 47)

Taught in: User-centered design

Severely impaired thoughts and perceptions causing loss of contact with reality — a feature of schizophrenia and some other mental health conditions. (BoK p. 30)

Taught in: Psychological disabilities

Under ADA Title III, businesses and non-profit organizations open to the public must be accessible to people with disabilities. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

Under the WAD, 'public sector bodies' include national, regional, and local government entities and related public organizations. (BoK p. 62)

Taught in: EU Web Accessibility Directive and EN 301 549

The slope of an accessible ramp; ADA Standards limit the running slope to no greater than 1:12 — one inch of rise per twelve of run. (BoK p. 41)

Taught in: Accessible built environment

An approach that addresses access barriers only after someone has already been excluded, typically through individual accommodation. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

WCAG Guideline 3.1: text content must be readable and understandable, including programmatically determinable language identification. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Understandable and Robust — WCAG Principles 3 and 4

An individual adjustment made for a specific person with a disability, subject to a disproportionate burden defense. (BoK p. 55)

Taught in: From welfare to equality: accommodation, accessibility, and EU law

A visual condition — myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism — correctable by lenses and therefore not classed as disability by the WHO. (BoK p. 10)

Taught in: Blindness, low vision, and color vision deficiency

An electronic device with pins that form braille characters dynamically, driven by a screen reader; the primary reading medium for deaf-blind users. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Deaf-blindness

An ADA provision extending protections to people who are perceived or treated as having a disability, even if they do not. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

A set of interventions that help a person with a health condition function at their best in interaction with their environment. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

UDL Principle 2: the WHAT of learning — providing multiple formats and modalities for presenting information to diverse learners. (BoK p. 45)

Taught in: UDL representation and action and expression

Nine grounds: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation. (BoK p. 56)

Taught in: UK Equality Act 2010 and Ontario Disabilities Act

A chronic psychotic disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and significant social and occupational impairment. (BoK p. 30)

Taught in: Psychological disabilities

Software that converts on-screen content to synthesized speech or refreshable braille output for users who are blind or have low vision. (BoK p. 11)

Taught in: Visual barriers and solutions

Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act; requires federal agencies to procure, develop, and use accessible ICT. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act 1973; the earliest US legislative basis for disability access in federally funded programs. (BoK p. 56)

Taught in: From welfare to equality: accommodation, accessibility, and EU law

ICT accessibility requirements for US federal agencies, referencing WCAG 2.0 AA for web and electronic content. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movement, feeling, or consciousness. (BoK p. 27)

Taught in: Seizure disorders

The WCAG safety limit: content must not flash more than three times per second to avoid triggering photosensitive seizures. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

An anxiety-based condition in which a person who can speak does not speak in specific social situations. (BoK p. 16)

Taught in: Speech sound disorders and mutism

The ability to monitor and manage one's own learning, emotions, and behavior — a goal of UDL's Engagement principle. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: UDL and engagement

The universal design principles from NCSU (Mace, 1997) guiding design of physical environments and products for the broadest range of users. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Review of look-alike frameworks

A complete natural language expressed through manual signs, facial expressions, and body posture — the primary language for many Deaf people. (BoK p. 13)

Taught in: Deafness, hard of hearing, and auditory processing disorder

UD Principle 3: the design is easy to understand regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or concentration level. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 1–3

A switch-type AT device controlled by inhaling (sip) or exhaling (puff) through a straw, used by people with very limited limb movement. (BoK p. 20)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

A context-dependent functional limitation such as using a phone in bright sunlight, in a noisy environment, or while holding a baby. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

UD Principle 7: appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of body size, posture, or mobility. (BoK p. 43)

Taught in: Universal design principles 4–7

A mechanism allowing keyboard users to bypass repeated navigation links and jump directly to the main content of a page. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

The view that disability (particularly Deafness) is a social and cultural identity to be celebrated, not a medical deficit to be corrected. (BoK p. 7)

Taught in: Functional solutions and social identity models

The process of enabling people with disabilities to be full members of society with access to the same opportunities as others. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

Countries that have ratified the CRPD and are legally obligated to implement its provisions in domestic law. (BoK p. 49)

Taught in: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

A design feature that marks users with disabilities as different or inferior by providing them a separate, inferior, or conspicuous experience. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 1–3

Speech-to-Text Reporter — real-time speech-to-text transcription, similar to CART but using voice recognition software. (BoK p. 14)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

A specific, testable WCAG requirement that content must satisfy to achieve a given conformance level (A, AA, or AAA). (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: WCAG overview

The fourth WAI phase: monitor conformance continuously, review and update the policy, and maintain progress over time. (BoK p. 65)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

A method of computer control using one or more physical switches, enabling users with very limited motor ability to navigate by scanning. (BoK p. 20)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

A form of sign language communication where the deaf-blind person reads the signer's hands by touch rather than by sight. (BoK p. 15)

Taught in: Deaf-blindness

The population of users a product or design is intended to serve; in accessibility, often a specific disability group with distinct access needs. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Accessibility, usability, and universal design

The clickable or touchable area of an interactive element; small targets create barriers for users with limited motor precision. (BoK p. 20)

Taught in: Mobility, dexterity, and body structure conditions

Requirements in a procurement contract that define what a product or service must do; can mandate accessibility standards. (BoK p. 60)

Taught in: Procurement laws: EU Directive and US Section 508

ADA Title IV requires telephone relay services so people who are Deaf or hard of hearing can use telephone networks. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

A disabling condition resulting from injury or illness that limits function for a defined period, after which full function typically returns. (BoK p. 38)

Taught in: Benefits of accessible design for people with disabilities

People who use assistive technology and have lived experience; essential for real-world usability and accessibility evaluation. (BoK p. 69)

Taught in: Accessibility evaluation methods and inclusive recruiting

Software that converts written text to synthesized audio output, used both as AT output for users who cannot read and as communication for non-speaking users. (BoK p. 17)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

A session or task constraint that automatically expires after a set period, which must be adjustable or removable to avoid excluding users who need more time. (BoK p. 40)

Taught in: Operable — WCAG Principle 2

A session or form feature that automatically expires after a period of inactivity — a barrier for users who need more time. (BoK p. 25)

Taught in: Cognitive barriers and assistive technology

The ADA title requiring places of public accommodation to be accessible; courts have extended this to websites and apps. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

UD Principle 5: the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. (BoK p. 42)

Taught in: Universal design principles 4–7

A full text record of spoken and audio content; less time-synchronized than captions but usable at the reader's own pace. (BoK p. 13)

Taught in: Auditory barriers and solutions

ADA Title II covers public transportation, requiring accessibility of buses, trains, and transit facilities. (BoK p. 57)

Taught in: The Americans with Disabilities Act

The clear floor space needed for a wheelchair to complete a turn; ADA requires a 60-inch diameter turning space for 360-degree turns. (BoK p. 41)

Taught in: Accessible built environment

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; universal rights framework but does not explicitly name disability. (BoK p. 48)

Taught in: UDHR, 1975 Declaration, and the Marrakesh Treaty

Universal Design for Learning — a research-based framework from CAST that guides curriculum design to support all learners from the outset. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: UDL and engagement

Engagement (why), Representation (what), and Action and Expression (how) — CAST's UDL framework for inclusive curriculum design. (BoK p. 44)

Taught in: Review of look-alike frameworks

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities — the international treaty using people-first language and a human rights framework. (BoK p. 35)

Taught in: Disability etiquette and language

The design of products and environments usable by all people without adaptation or specialized design, regardless of age or ability. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Universal design vs. accommodation

An education framework applying UD principles via three principles—engagement, representation, and action—to support all learners. Abbrev. UDL. (BoK p. 36)

Taught in: Related accessibility concepts

A UX quality attribute describing whether a product fulfills a genuine need for users; one of Morville's seven UX Honeycomb attributes. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: Usability vs. user experience

Any software that retrieves and renders web content — browsers, media players, screen readers — and through which AT often interfaces. (BoK p. 9)

Taught in: Assistive technology, adaptive strategies, and accessibility

Systematic investigation of user needs, behaviors, and contexts using methods such as interviews, observation, surveys, and usability testing. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: User-centered design

A research method in which representative users attempt defined tasks with a product while observers record what succeeds, fails, and causes difficulty. (BoK p. 47)

Taught in: User-centered design

A design process that places user needs, behaviors, and contexts at the center of all decisions, evaluated continuously through iterative testing. (BoK p. 46)

Taught in: User-centered design

A supplier's published plan for addressing known accessibility gaps over time; a key due-diligence document in procurement. (BoK p. 71)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

Organizations should independently verify vendor accessibility claims rather than accepting them at face value. (BoK p. 71)

Taught in: Accessible communications, legal and PR, and accessible purchasing

The clarity or sharpness of vision measured by the smallest detail a person can resolve at a standard distance. (BoK p. 10)

Taught in: Blindness, low vision, and color vision deficiency

A relay service option in which a person who can speak but cannot hear uses their own voice and receives a text display of the other party's speech. (BoK p. 17)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

The World Wide Web Consortium, the international standards body that publishes WCAG and other web technology standards. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: WCAG overview

A W3C resource providing guidance on managing web accessibility within organizations across four phases. (BoK p. 64)

Taught in: Accessibility as a program: initiate, plan, implement, sustain

Web Accessibility Initiative — the W3C group responsible for developing WCAG and other web accessibility guidelines and resources. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: WCAG overview

Signs, landmarks, or guides that help people navigate physical or digital environments — an accessibility concern for users with cognitive impairments. (BoK p. 26)

Taught in: Cognitive barriers and assistive technology

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, published by the W3C, providing testable criteria for making web content accessible to people with disabilities. (BoK p. 39)

Taught in: WCAG overview

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines version 2.0; the technical standard referenced by the Section 508 refresh for web content. (BoK p. 61)

Taught in: US ICT accessibility rules and enforcement

World Health Organization; published the ICF in 2001 as an update to the earlier ICIDH classification. (BoK p. 6)

Taught in: The biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF

Software that suggests likely next words based on what has been typed, reducing keystroke load for users with language or motor difficulties. (BoK p. 17)

Taught in: Aphasia and speech/language assistive technology

The cognitive system that holds and manipulates a limited amount of information in mind for immediate use. (BoK p. 21)

Taught in: Mental functions and intellectual disability

The WHO estimate for the number of people globally living with some form of disability — approximately 16% of the world's population. (BoK p. 33)

Taught in: Demographics and disability statistics

The number of AU member states needed to ratify the ADRP for it to enter into force, per the BoK. (BoK p. 54)

Taught in: African and Inter-American disability rights instruments

The proportion of the global population with a disability, per the WHO — a commonly cited figure in policy documents and accessibility business cases. (BoK p. 33)

Taught in: Demographics and disability statistics

A proposed EU directive to extend disability and other discrimination protections beyond employment; not adopted at BoK time. (BoK p. 58)

Taught in: From welfare to equality: accommodation, accessibility, and EU law